Background: There are many effective interventions, via various routes (intravenous [IV], oral [OR], intravitreal injection [IVT] and intraocular implantation [IMP]), for treating cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) that have become available. There are large variations in treating CMVR in clinical practice in Thailand.Objective: To evaluate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of providing(i) IVT, (ii) IV/OR and (iii) IMP ganciclovir to patients with HIV/AIDS andCMVR versus providing no treatment.Design: A simulation study for which the input parameters were derived from asystematic review of the literature, a hospital-based survey and patient interviews.Setting: The analysis assumed a Thai healthcare system perspective. However, the model was run using both societal and healthcare provider perspectives.Results: Our results suggest that IVT ganciclovir was cost effective and the best option for treating patients with CMVR irrespective of whether patients received antiretroviral treatment (ART). In patients receiving ART, moving from IVT to IV/OR ganciclovir was also likely to be a cost-effective option. Offering IMP ganciclovir was not likely to be cost effective. Providing treatments for patients with bilateral CMVR was more cost effective than providing treatments for those with unilateral CMVR, and offering treatments for patients receiving ART was better value for money than treating patients without ART.Conclusions: Our models suggest that IV/OR ganciclovir should be recommended for the treatment of unilateral and bilateral CMVR for patients receiving ART in the Thai healthcare system. IVT ganciclovir may also have a role in the treatment of CMVR patients not receiving ART.